Should Student Loan Debt Be Forgiven?

Most Americans would concur that advanced education is significant. Contrasted with years back, when a secondary school instruction was adequate in many occupations, a higher education is presently required in most of positions. Be that as it may, imagine a scenario in which you can’t stand to get a degree. What then?For many, understudy credits are the best way to back one’s instruction. Paying cash based just isn’t a reality for most, so they depend on state and national government to give them the assets to go to class, purchase course readings, and even compensation for food and lodging. Leave all necessary signatures, and out of nowhere a financed or unsubsidized advance appears as a credit on your understudy account.Any overage is paid to you with a money order to cover miscellaneous items. This procedure gets rehashed each semester, for whatever length of time that you go to class. Everything appears to be simple and worthy †until you graduate (or don ’t graduate, whichever the case may be).The day you leave school, a six-month clock begins ticking toward your first installment. Hold on, you mean school costs cash? Tragically, some aren’t ready to make sure about a position immediately that can permit them the monetary capacity to begin making installment on their advances. It can take as long as two years for some school graduates to discover a job.In the interim, those credits are still due and payable. There are a wide range of opportunities for reimbursement: salary touchy plans, joblessness delays, graduated installments, and even pardoning programs for specific occupations like medical attendants, educators, and open servants.But shouldn't something be said about the remainder of the obligation holders? What befalls them on the off chance that they can’t make their installments? Understudy credit obligation today approaches $1 trillion dollars, as indicated by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. C onsiderably all the more terrifying, the Wall Street Journal reports about 40% of understudy advance holders are in default or have postponed their payments.Student advance obligation has now really outperformed complete charge card obligation in the US. There are various invitations to take action for potential answers for this issue. The fundamental issue I have with them is they don’t really produce into results HOW we got into this position, or how to dodge it from happening again later on. As a component of his re-appointment offer, President Obama presented his answer, alluded to as the 10-10 arrangement. This arrangement permits graduates to just compensation 10% of their all out pay as credit installments, and excuse anything that remains after 10 years.This plan requires a borrower to have a money related difficulty, and the installment sum, in light of 10% of pay, is straightened out yearly. By and large, this pardoning will add up to some place around 80% of the fi rst advance sum. That appears to be a horrendously steep punishment for the US to pay, just on the grounds that they think they can.These borrowers are presently, ideally, out in the work world creation a sensible salary so they are in reality prone to have the option to make installments. Absolution by then isn't generally vital. In a salary touchy reimbursement plan, the pace of the installment goes up, in view of the pay of a borrower expanding as well.Rather than pardoning the rest of, cutting financing costs or bringing down the installment sum appear as though better arrangements in that they give help to battling borrowers, in any case the obligation is repaid.There are others requiring a full scale bailout, like the AIG or GE bailout, intended to support the economy. The expectation is those with pardoned credits will return that cash to the economy, at any rate temporarily. In any case, who’s to state that’s where they’ll put their cash? What befalls th e following round of graduates? They’ll be graduating with a sworn off end that their advances will be excused as well.And why not? That’s what an arrangement like this would persuade. Mitchell Weiss, assistant educator at the University of Hartford's Barney School of Business in Connecticut, accepts any sort of credit is eventually given on a kind of trust. â€Å"If I advance you some cash, I believe that you're going to take care of it to me,† he says. â€Å"Wholesale pardoning, acquittal †anything you desire to call it †will on a very basic level subvert a procedure that is completely incorporated inside our general public. † Moreover, it doesn't generally take care of the issue, says Professor Weiss.A Facebook page began by an irate graduate school graduate without intends to reimburse his credits has started a request to help a one-time, no matter how you look at it advance pardoning. Begun by Robert Applebaum, the gathering requires a fina ncial lift by pardoning all exceptional government loans.In the appeal, Applebaum says, â€Å"Forgiving the understudy credit obligation of all Americans will have a prompt stimulative impact on our economy†. â€Å"With the stroke of the president's pen, a great many Americans would abruptly have hundreds, or at times, a large number of additional dollars in their pockets every single month to spend on sickly divisions of the economy.†Basically, the effectively stressed government would be enduring the shot for billions of dollars, in light of the expectation that this cash would discover its way back to our neighborhood and national economy. The fundamental issue I see is you can't ensure this is the thing that will occur. It sets the entire Federal Loan framework up for breakdown. HR1330 is another bill as of late presented, which could give some truly necessary help to borrowers. Rather than a bailout, this sort of plan would permit intrigue free suspensions to borr owers who become jobless or who are taken on the current 10-10 plan.Important to note is that it constrains the absolution stood to new borrowers. Be that as it may, here once more, it’s a momentary answer for an exceptionally long haul issue. Individuals on the two sides, and some place in the center, for the most part have solid sentiments about the drawn out advantages or non-advantages of an arrangement like this. CNBC reports the issue with an arrangement like this is three-overlay: â€Å"The misfortunes must be borne by somebody, likely the taxpayer†. Essentially, the cash to rescue school moves on from reimbursing their advances needs to originate from some place. It can likewise be known as a â€Å"moral hazard†, in that it rewards or certainly empowers rash behavior.Also, a one-time bailout of the current advance holders could unequivocally urge future alumni to depend on the chance of another bailout later on. As a returning understudy with a heap of u nderstudy advance obligation of my own, I see the issue from the borrower’s point of view. As a Business Management understudy, however, I additionally observe it through â€Å"Economic Eyes†. At the danger of sounding old and maternal, I think pardoning just permits the issue to continue rehashing for my age, my children’s age, and those to come.In a similar attitude that I could never purchase my youngster a vehicle altogether, for dread they’d have no proprietorship in it or regard for it, I basically don’t accept that rescuing borrowers is a decent arrangement either.I dread we show our kids that inasmuch as there are heaps of others in a similar difficulty, there is government alleviation accessible. The cost is at last paid as much increasingly national obligation. Truly, a monetary lift may be great for the time being, yet the drawn out impacts of that lift will be felt for a considerable length of time a short time later.

Stakeholder Theory free essay sample

Before it was felt that business and morals were an ironic expression, two terms that would never coincide together in our general public, anyway this video on Stakeholder Theory has demonstrated something else. The video discussed different thoughts/subjects concerning Stakeholder Theory based on what is a partner with the impacts of innovation in our quick paced society today. R. Edward Freeman began the video by clarifying how partner hypothesis began. He gave a model from the get-go in the video of himself and not many associates who needed to put out an article around 30 years prior introducing the possibility of Stakeholder Theory through a neighborhood paper. The paper editorial manager got back to and prompted Freeman he had a grammatical error in the title from â€Å"Stakeholder† to â€Å"Shareholder. † around then the paper editorial manager had no clue there was a distinction between the two. Well what is the distinction? An investor claims some portion of the organization through stocks, or different structures. We will compose a custom exposition test on Partner Theory or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Partners are not items, or records, or resources, but instead they are real no nonsense people with faces. Since they are real people they are additionally clients who are straightforwardly influenced by the conduct of an association and they hold a stake in its exhibition. The activity of a partner is to discover a way to deal with esteem creation. So as to do as such, they should discover a crossing point of interests; practically like a chart you would attract financial matters where the flexibly and request bend meets making balance. To discover crosses of intrigue it includes finding and looking for circumstance, or basically the craft of not making tradeoffs. Freeman gave us a case of tradeoffs and scanning for circumstance. It included a compound organization who was famous for an extraordinary measure of contamination. The CEO had a difference in heart and needed to totally dispense with contamination and exhorted his architects that they expected to make sense of an approach to end it. The designers quickly reacted and prompted there was no conceivable way, so the CEO expressed that they would need to close down the organization. In the end, the architects found an arrangement to help kill the contamination. In this model the organization didn't acknowledge the exchange off. Long story short, in the event that you hope to perceive how interests go a similar way, you may discover an answer, yet you probably won't discover one either, yet it’s better than not attempting by any means. Another model is consider this thought regarding music. It’s as though everybody was playing various notes and their own instruments, yet when they all work together and go a similar way they may make an agreement. Partner Theory was created as a business procedure; anyway there was a feeling of combination missing between the term business and morals. This video clarified that when contemplating partners it’s considering business, yet in addition when you’re pondering partners you should likewise consider morals. So the possibility of business and morals being a confusing expression is silly. This relates back to a point titled â€Å"Saints and Sinners† that was included in the film with R. Edward Freeman. He talked about that holy people ran business morally and the delinquents gave no consideration to morals. In any case, for what reason does it need to be either? A business includes people and morals is the investigation of human conduct. This is the thing that Freeman was stating; these two terms relate with one another. Be that as it may, the Stakeholder Theory was additionally missing the combination among different zones. Overseeing for partners is about what organizations and free enterprise is. It’s additionally about morals, technique, corporate obligation, common society, yet it’s for the most part pretty much the entirety of that and how you set up those things and recount to another tale about private enterprise. At long last private enterprise is about how we make an incentive for one another, or our partners, not about rivalry. How well we as a whole help out one another decides the measure of significant worth we can make for one another, which thusly makes more trust, since when the open doesn’t trust a business, who does? Partner Theory is mind boggling when you need to set aside the effort to work it out and clarify it, yet in the event that you make a stride back and take a gander at organizations today, you will see Stakeholder Theory is an extremely normal, regular subject, it is simply a question of what you are searching for. On the off chance that people are searching for tradeoffs, they will discover a huge number of tradeoffs accessible for them, yet the genuine achievement lies with the individuals who accomplish and discover the coordination and convergence purpose of everything that truly matters in private enterprise, making Stakeholder Theory. Partner Theory free exposition test Section An: Introduction †Organization foundation Part B: Market Stakeholders for BIFF Sdn Bhd 1. Provider 2. Client 3. Boss Part C: Non Market Stakeholders for BIFF Sdn Bhd 1. Neighborhood Community 2. Media 3. Government Part D: Suggestion on the most proficient method to create and keep up the relationship with recognized partners 1. Have an immediate discourse 2. Give assortment of observing strategy 3. Compose action to create enthusiasm of partner Part E: Conclusion References 2 OUMM 3203 INTRODUCTION Berkat Ilham Frozen Food Sdn Bhd is a solidified food provider. This organization was established on 26th December 2000 and started business activity in 2002. It was situated at Bandar Baru Senawang, Negeri Sembilan. It presently has 100 staff including General Manager, Human Resource Manager, Quality Safety Manager, Sales Manager, Finance Manager, Production Manager and Logistic Coordinator. The items offered are of different sort of nearby food and western food that has been redesign as a solidified food to satisfy the clients need. This business was enlivened by previous curry puffs creator that working together in little scope, subsequent to getting direction from FAMA on solidified food preparing and specialized counsel in this procedure, it has been popularize to help food showcase business. We will compose a custom exposition test on Partner Theory or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This item has been flexibly to each of the 711, Hypermarket, Mini Market and furthermore to the cafeteria around Negeri Sembilan. Presently this organization are intending to extend their business worldwide through Small Medium Enterprise under direction of government. Our Mission ? To turn into the pioneer in the food and drink industry through our top notch food and refreshment assortment just as unrivaled client support. ? To choose, hold and instruct a profoundly gifted, inspired and responsive staff for the development of the association and the country. ? To address all difficulties with devotion and responsibility and to set guidelines that other will endeavor to copy. ? To become first Halal food provider that will be perceive around the world. Source from: http://foodking. com. my/about-us/3 OUMM 3203 An association diagram for Berkat Ilham Frozen Food Sdn Bhd. Senior supervisor Secretary Human Resource Manager Quality Safety Manager Sales Manager Finance Manager Production Manager Asst. HR Manager QC Supervisor Asst. Project lead Asst. Fund Manager Production Supervisor Clerk 1 Incoming QC Clerk 2 Process QC Accountant Strategic Coordinator Logistic Supervisor Technician General laborer Finish Product QC Document Controller 4 OUMM 3203 PART B : MARKET STAKEHOLDERS FOR BIFF SDN BHD Stakeholder has been characterizing as an individual, gathering or association that has premium or worry in an association. They can influence or be influenced by the associations activities, destinations and strategies. A few instances of key partners are loan bosses, chiefs, workers, government (and its organizations), proprietors (investors), providers, associations, and the network from which the business draws its assets. Source from : http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/partner. html 1. Provider A gathering that provisions products or administrations. A provider might be recognized from a temporary worker or subcontractor, who generally adds specific contribution to expectations. Likewise called as seller. To guarantee that there is sufficient element for creation to run. Ensure that the gracefully will be accessible on schedule. For that the unwavering quality of the agreement and ensured of installment inside specified period ought to be given need. Source from: http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/provider. html 1. 1 Reliability of agreement With the dependability of agreement give. It will guarantee that the fixing will be gracefully according to quality necessity and decrease the market cost from variance. By marking an agreement, they will undoubtedly satisfy to the organization quality and standard necessity to guarantee that this issue won't influence our profitability and it likewise it will assist with guaranteeing there is no agreement misrepresentation happens. With great provider we can keep up our quality and profitability. 5 OUMM 3203 1. 2 Method of installment It is significance so as to be console the business development , the installment are relied upon to be paid quickly to guarantee both gathering enthusiasm being keep up in order to guarantee business development, installment is required to be paid instantly to guarantee the interests of the two gatherings can be kept up for a more drawn out period. Meanwhile the certainty ought to be planted with the goal that the nature of materials is kept up. 2. Client A gathering that gets or devours items (merchandise or benefits) and can pick between various items and providers. Source from: http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/client. html When we look from the perspective of the client, they are the purchaser of our item. It show that the significant job as a significant partner and give huge impact in our market. Their elite force will impact nearby network. Subsequently

How to Write an APA Essay Outline Free

How to Write an APA Essay Outline FreeAn APA essay outline is the basis for the APA format. The outline is an easy to use structure that has been created for each of the writing programs by the APA. In this guide, you will find out how to write an APA essay outline that is free. The best part is that you can take it and use it on your next APA essay.Once you know the topics of your paper, the next step is to choose the topic of your paper. There are lots of choices, and you might get confused. An APA outline will guide you to the right choice. A small sample from your local library is always a good idea. Sample APA paper will show you what topics are covered, along with examples.To help you make up your mind, you might want to read a large sample or even a sample with footnotes. You can even do a Google search on the topics. The topic you choose will be a big part of your paper. Some people just research things they already know about.Many people choose a topic from examples they hav e seen in example research papers. Research is important, but it can be time consuming. Using an outline will save you lots of time and let you get on with the actual research. Many topics on the sample are tried and true. You can use these topics to start the research, but keep in mind that it is still critical to research the material.You may also want to work with a paper template or outline to help you write the short paragraphs. You will find that if you study with an outline, you will not lose your train of thought or lose focus. It will take you less time to type in a lot of information into the outline, and the results will be better. You can also write in a notebook or a whiteboard.Try to find some examples in the internet or examples from example research papers. You will find that most guides can be downloaded. Some are free, while others cost a fee. The free ones are usually not as detailed, but you can always pay for more detailed.You will find that there are so many we bsites that provide examples, but they are not all free. There are sites that will allow you to download one of their examples for a small fee. Even though it is not free, the fee is worth it.After you finish writing your outline, you will find that you have a much easier time finishing your paper. If you are having trouble writing your outline, there are sites that are set up to help you write one.

The United States’ Lack of Mental Health Care - 1598 Words

About 75-80 million people in the United States are mentally ill to some extent (For the Mentally Ill, Finding Treatment Grows Harder). Many people are unaware of the treatments for the mentally ill and how few resources are available. Yes, if society looks from where society has come with the development of treatments, it has come a long ways. There is still more knowledge to be uncovered to ensure the United States gives the mentally ill care equal to what the United States gives the physically ill. Even though research has advanced immensely in the understanding of sanity vs. insanity, the United States needs to do more for those who are mentally ill through diagnosis and aid. â€Å"Mental illness refers to a wide range of mental health†¦show more content†¦Many people like Thomas Aquinas had a huge risk of losing their practice for thinking mental illness came from insanity and other psychological theories other than demonic association (Thompson 9-10). The idea of witchcraft continued until the 1700’s. The word lunatic became the new term for describing those who were mentally ill. Thousands of people were sent to asylums and treated like wild animals by intimidation, physical abuse, bloodletting, straightjackets, and many other punishments that were similar to the treatments generally reserved for criminal practices (Thompson 11). There were still no specific identifications for the different mental issues in people. After people began to see the horrors of the mental asylums, the ideas of how to care for the mentally ill had to change. As treatments improved to pharmaceuticals and other methods, the common names of disorders began to emerge. Disorders such as Alzheimer’s and schizophrenia came to be public knowledge. The idea that the problem of mental illness had an actual reason caused others to realize other than supernatural reasons were realized for a reason why all of the people who had mentally disorders were considered crazy. Many neurobiologists have found that these mental illnesses came from a mix of reasons like chemical imbalances, life experiences, the environment the fetus lived in, or inherited traits. From the 1800’s to the present day, many people did not, and still do not, go to the proper places toShow MoreRelatedInadequacy Of The United States Mental Health Care System1104 Words   |  5 Pagesof the United States Mental Health Care System: Barriers to Care According to the World Health Organization, mental illness will affect approximately 25% of people at some point in their life (â€Å"WHO Qualityrights†, n.d.). Despite that, the current mental health care system in the United States is inadequate. Many aspects of the system need improving, especially the barriers to service. In fact, approximately 20% of individuals are left without necessary treatment for their mental health disorderRead MoreLack Of Treatment For Mental Illness1523 Words   |  7 Pages Problem Statement: The World Health Association defines ‘good’ health as: â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.† However, in the United States, access to care and funding for mental health care are grossly neglected and underfunded in comparison to other aspects of health care. At the individual level, lack of proper treatment for poor mental health and mental illness has a detrimental effect. At a population level, societyRead MoreSynthesis Of Two Variables : Rural And Access To Mental Health Providers850 Words   |  4 PagesVariables: Rural and Access to Mental Health Providers Annie N. Brown Duquesne University Synthesis of Two Variables: Rural and Access to Mental Health Providers Research requires the nursing scientists to explore the context of problems encountered. In order to identify targeted directions to hone efforts researchers must first identify the variables to be studied. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the variables of Rural and Access to Mental Health Providers. Definition ofRead MoreThe Mental Health Care System1414 Words   |  6 PagesThe Mental Health Care system is really important to our society. What might happen if the workforce in the Mental Health System didn t meet the qualifications to support the mentally ill? It means thousands of people with mental health problems are at risk of not getting the urgent care in emergencies because of a lack in staff and supplies. For the most part America has a better control on their Mental Health Care System, but it is a whole different story in the United Kingdom. One thousand peopleRead MoreThe Mental Illness Of The United States Essay1652 Words   |  7 Pagespeople in the United States that have a mental illness that is either not able to be treated or is never diagnosed at all. This is because treatment is very expensive and hard to access, and without proactive care of the mentally ill there can be various unfortunate outcomes, sadly including, death. So, why is access to mental health care so limited and what is the government of Ohio doing to solve it and what else should be done? Mental illnesses are very common in the United States, with one inRead MoreChildhood Depression And Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder1536 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Mental Disorders, such as anxiety, depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, are chronic health conditions that present between birth and age 18.1 Mental disorders are characterized as a â€Å"combination of abnormal thoughts, emotions, and behaviors†2 that may impair a child’s functioning in school, at home, and in everyday life. They are caused by a combination of biological and environmental factors i.e. a family history of anxiety and living below the poverty line. CDC estimatesRead MoreThe Link Between Homelessness And Mental Health983 Words   |  4 PagesWhat’s the issue? The lack of mental health services available to the mentally-ill and the deinstitutionalization of mental health hospitals have created a public health concern. These issues along with a failed continuum of care plans and a lack of community mental health services have been major contributing factors to homelessness. In addition, the strict guidelines for psychiatric hospitalization are critical when analyzing homelessness. In many cases, only the critically ill are meeting clinicalRead MoreMental Health For The Mentally Ill999 Words   |  4 PagesMental Health Brief What’s the issue? The lack of mental health services available to the mentally-ill and the deinstitutionalization of mental health hospitals have created a public health concern. These issues along with failed continuum of care strategies and a lack of community mental health services are major contributing factors to homelessness. In addition, the strict guidelines for psychiatric hospitalization are critical when analyzing homelessness among the mentally-ill. In many cases,Read MoreLack Of Adequate Discharge Planning For Incarcerated Adults With Serious Mental Illness986 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States, over the past 200 years, the practice of federal and state governmental treatment and geographical disposition of the seriously mentally ill has seemed cyclical. Essentially, persons with serious mental illness went from community-living to incarceration to hospitalization to community-living and finally back to incarceration (Matjekowski, Draine, Solomon Salzer, 2011, Ostermann Matjekow ski, 2014 Raphael Stoll, 2013). Currently, the United States has a federal mandateRead MoreMental Health Among Latino Communities Essay1172 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction to Mental Health Among Latino Communities In the United States, the Latino American population has risen by over 40% within the past decade and accounts for over 17.1% of the Nations society. 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Poetry

Relationship Between Corporate Governance And Risk...

ABSTRACT This paper identifies and talks about the relationship between corporate governance and risk management of high technology firms, with publicly listed Australian biotechnology organizations as for example. It displays a governance structure that better deals with the various complex risks such organizations face. INTRODUCTION The current global financial crisis has seen the breakdown of various organizations universally, showing that no industry or ward is invulnerable from insufficient or wrong risk management. In the light of the current global financial crisis, we examine the requirement for suitable risk management, planning, and control and the requirement for organizations to reassess their governance structure to†¦show more content†¦Risk Management Frameworks, for example, ERM (Enterprise Risk Management) and Business Continuity Planning, also called Disaster Recovery Planning or contingency planning, are center components of gathering risk management methods. ERM is the systems and procedures used by associations to oversee hazards and seize opportunities identified with the accomplish their goals. ERM supports the board and the organization to guarantee that administration earnestly work through a procedure of distinguishing and investigating risks, with a specific end goal to settle o n educated choices. Importantly a successful Risk Management scheme will help in guaranteeing less surprises, improving management and abuse of chances, enhancing and execution, upgrading data preparing and correspondence, enhancing responsibility, assurance and governance, improving reputation, and expanding insurance of directors. ERM ought to upgrade disclosure to organisation chiefs and officers, which in turn aids in better management of the business and enhanced transparency of management (Joint Technical Committee OB-007, Risk Management, 2005). ERM obliges an organized methodology to risk assessment, and collection of risk into a more elevated amount risk profile report, and additionally a prioritization of risks (Espersen 2002). Bowling and Rieger (2005) examine how actualizing a full ERM Framework can take a few years. Numerous organisations start byShow MoreRelatedUse Of Internal Audit By Australian Companies1117 Words   |  5 Pagesfunction and it is strongly related with risk management, indication of effective internal controls and efficient corporate governance. This study is based on the work done by Jenny Goodwin-Stewart and Pamela Kent(2006). They examined and study the data from the annual reports of public listed companies. This paper also provides detailed information on the need of Internal Audit and examines the relationship between the size of the firm and strong corporate governance through evolution of different hypothesisRead MoreAdelphia Case 1 Essay1058 Words   |  5 PagesAdelphia Case Summary The Allegations: Prosecutors say members of the cable companys founding family and two former executives looted the firm on a massive scale, spending company funds on personal expenses, such as a $12.8 million golf course. The firm has been accused of hiding business relationships between Adelphia and entities tied to the founders and for inflating its financial results. Whos Who: †¢ John J. Rigas, Adelphias founder †¢ Timothy Rigas, former CFO †¢ Michael Rigas,Read MoreSocial Responsibility : Kroger Company983 Words   |  4 PagesSocial responsibility is an ethical framework which suggests that an organization or individual has an obligation to act for the benefit of society at large. Social responsibility is a duty every organization has to perform so as to maintain a balance between the economy and the environment Kroger Company Just in this year alone Kroger has made a substantial impact in society. When it comes to the social aspect the company went above and beyond the norm. Since 2010, Kroger has been contributing $1.2 billionRead MoreComparative Corporate Governance and Financial Goals3999 Words   |  16 PagesChapter 1 Comparative Corporate Governance and Financial Goals ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬Æ'End-of-Chapter Questions 1. Corporate goals: shareholder wealth maximization. Explain the assumptions and objectives of the shareholder wealth maximization pmodel. Answer: The Anglo-American markets have a philosophy that a firm’s objective should follow the shareholder wealth maximization (SWM) model. 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From its organization, composition and structure as a Department, its professionals, their training on remuneration, its impact on government bodies and influence on corporate governance, as well as the management of legal risks, this study will analyze the seven challenges of internal legal advisors. This paper also analyses the presentRead MoreAgency Theory and Corporate Governance3335 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿Agency Theory And Corporate Governance Introduction The global market has shown exemplary contribution to the growth of the worlds development until recently where financial crisis have been bombarding most economies. As a result, the cost of livelihood had been unaffordable to many who live below the dollar. The monetary crisis has led to the lowering of many currencies against the dollar, hence advancing the economy crisis to most worldwide nations. 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Regulators, standard setters and market participants consider related party transactions a major problem in financial markets. The quality of external auditing may be proposed as an important governance mechanism to alleviate the propensity of insiders to use related party transactions. The study tests the prevalence

RFID Technology for Child Monitoring-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write a short research proposal on an IT Prototype System. Answer: Introduction Information technology id the revolutionary technology that is enabling the individuals to be connected with the world and better decision-making based on the wide range of collected data. It is a great concern of the time that children might be lost or kidnapped while going on vacations or any large park in a museum or city. This report emphasizes on a solution proposed for this problem in the form of an information technology that can be helpful in overcoming the presented scenario. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) for Child Monitoring RFID is a technology that is not a common phenomenon but it is also not a very new implementation as in Californias preschool had implemented RFID in the clothing of students in 2010. Another example is the in 2004; School district of the Houston, Texas had implemented the RFID chips in manner to monitor 13 campuses. It is becoming popular in various sectors and could be efficiently implemented within the children objects in manner to monitor the location of them through GPS. There are many advantages of implementing RFID chips within the objects of children that includes monitoring them whether they are at right and expected position or not and be notified the path they are going (Hutabarat and Susanto 2017). A limit can be set considering the area and push notifications can be enabled if the child moves out of that region. This technology will enable the parent or guardian to monitor them through GPS implemented within the mobile devices or PCs (Gao et al. 2017). Kidnapping cases w ill be minimised if the exact location of the child is already available and police or federals could easily bring children out of danger (RHemalatha et al. 2017). Despite of these advantages, there are certain issues related to the implementation of this technology within the children that includes firstly, health issues as certain rays and waves will be always coming out from the chip that might affect the health of children. Secondly, not enough experience is needed to manipulate such information technology, as a common programmer can easily manipulate the coding and present vulnerability to the location that will affect the monitoring in all ways. RFID will be implemented obviously, without authorization of the child and thus will raise certain ethical and privacy issues. Despite of these, availability of exact location of child 24*7 will be helpful for their protection in all ways (Hanafi et al. 2017). Many researchers have successfully developed this technology in manner to so lve the existing problem and helps in monitoring them without any extra effort. Conclusion Based on the above report it can be concluded that RFID can be possible solution for the problem and could be an efficient and effective technology for tracking and monitoring the children. There are many advantages including decrement in the growth of crime rate, monitoring children through their exact location, and monitor them where they are going through GPS. However, there is certain privacy, security, and ethical issues related to such implementation as monitoring anyone without having authorization could lead to ethical and privacy issues. References Gao, Z., Guo, H., Xie, Y., Luo, Y., Lu, H. and Yan, K., 2017. ChildGuard: A Child-Safety Monitoring System.IEEE MultiMedia,24(4), pp.48-57. Hanafi, A., Pathan, S., Malik, S. and Nagani, R.A.A., 2017. RFID-based System for School Children Transportation Safety Enhancement with Attendance System. Hutabarat, D.P. and Susanto, R., 2017, February. Designing a Monitoring System to Locate a Child in a Certain Closed Area Using RFID Sensor and Android Smartphone. InProceedings of the 5th International Conference on Communications and Broadband Networking(pp. 54-58). ACM. RHemalatha, M., Divakar, S., Logesh, D. and Kumar, M., 2017. RFID BASED SCHOOL CHILDREN SECURITY SYSTEM.

Violence in Sports Essay Example For Students

Violence in Sports Essay Violence in Sports Brian Thompson American Military University SPMT601 Pamela J. Wojnar Abstract Sports and violence are complimentary to one another. In some sports, violence is merely a byproduct of the competition. In other sports violence is expected. Certain sports require a predisposition toward violence to be successful while others encourage an over-conformity to the norm with regard to violence. The more violent the athlete plays, the better for him and his team. Violent behavior is not limited to the players on field. Fans and spectators can fill a role when it comes to violent behavior. Although it is not expected as it is among the players, fans will engage in violence as a way of expressing, or reacting, to their emotional involvement with the sport. 1. On-the-field violence is related to a number of things including over-conformity to the norms of the sport ethic, commercialization, and masculinity. Which of these factors accounts most for the level of brutal body contact that occurs in professional football in the United States? Explain your choice. We will write a custom essay on Violence in Sports specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Choice: Over-conformity to the norms of the sport ethic is the best choice. Explanation: The reason is that there are certain expectations of competition especially in contact sports such as pro football. To survive and excel in such a physical game as pro football the athletes must maintain over-conform to a certain extent. They must play the game in such a way that they maximize their earning potential. The average life span for a pro player is around 3 years. For an athlete to secure lifelong financial security they must play with a level of physicality that warrants their need to the team. This is a minimum expectation not taking into account other factors such as athleticism and execution of techniques. 2. After reading a report of a male athlete who has assaulted a woman, one of your friends says, â€Å"Playing sports causes men to be violent. † She knows you are taking a course on the sociology of sport, and she wants you to respond to her conclusion. What do you say? Marv Levy, former head coach in the NFL, once said, â€Å"Football doesn’t build character, it reveals character. Much like what is discussed in the textbook of the correlation between success on and off the field is sometimes more related to the fact that the athletes were driven individuals before they played sports, violence is also something that falls into this category. Its is within human nature to inflict pain on others, especially when we compete for the same resources. The boundaries of society suppress the action of this drive to hurt. That is a good thing of course. The state ment â€Å"playing sports causes men to be violent† is not accurate. I believe that men with a more natural tendency toward violence play sports. Sports, especially contact sports, are an outlet for aggressive individuals. Aggressiveness and physicality are both traits that coaches and organizations look for in athletes that play contact sports. So with that being said the tendency toward being violent is apparent before the person ever plays. 3. You are the new principal of a school that is hosting a game between your #1 ranked football team and the #2 ranked team in your division. There is a deep, longstanding rivalry between the schools and a history of player and spectator violence during games. After reading Ch. , what measures would you take to control player and spectator violence on and off the field? There would definitely be a meeting among the coaches involved with our team to clearly explain expectations of the players and staff. Secondly I would personally meet with the athletes to spell out exactly what expect from them in terms of conduct. Letters and phone calls would be made to the parents of the student body letting them know that any conduct that is deemed out of order would be handled by the police officers on duty at the game and the school would bring charges against them. .u6928f1f5aa1a80b0c73f5bf3bd357b80 , .u6928f1f5aa1a80b0c73f5bf3bd357b80 .postImageUrl , .u6928f1f5aa1a80b0c73f5bf3bd357b80 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6928f1f5aa1a80b0c73f5bf3bd357b80 , .u6928f1f5aa1a80b0c73f5bf3bd357b80:hover , .u6928f1f5aa1a80b0c73f5bf3bd357b80:visited , .u6928f1f5aa1a80b0c73f5bf3bd357b80:active { border:0!important; } .u6928f1f5aa1a80b0c73f5bf3bd357b80 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6928f1f5aa1a80b0c73f5bf3bd357b80 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6928f1f5aa1a80b0c73f5bf3bd357b80:active , .u6928f1f5aa1a80b0c73f5bf3bd357b80:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6928f1f5aa1a80b0c73f5bf3bd357b80 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6928f1f5aa1a80b0c73f5bf3bd357b80 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6928f1f5aa1a80b0c73f5bf3bd357b80 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6928f1f5aa1a80b0c73f5bf3bd357b80 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6928f1f5aa1a80b0c73f5bf3bd357b80:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6928f1f5aa1a80b0c73f5bf3bd357b80 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6928f1f5aa1a80b0c73f5bf3bd357b80 .u6928f1f5aa1a80b0c73f5bf3bd357b80-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6928f1f5aa1a80b0c73f5bf3bd357b80:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Taming of the Shrew1 EssayI would also have hand outs ready for fans as they enter the stadium outlining our procedure for those that violate orderly conduct policies. As a principal, I would attempt to meet with the principal of the other school and ask him to make comparable steps to help ensure the safety of everyone involved. Lastly I would do all I could to make the presence of security personnel such as faculty, staff, and police officers, visible for all to see. Hopefully we could avert any trouble before it happens.

Quantitative and Qualitative Research Characteristics and Comparison

Quantitative and Qualitative Research Characteristics and Comparison Quantitative research is the systematic experimental study of social phenomena using scientific, statistical or mathematical and computational procedures.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Quantitative and Qualitative Research: Characteristics and Comparison specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Measurement forms the backbone of quantitative research since it offers a link between empirical examination and mathematical expression of relationships. The main objective in this design is developing and using mathematical models, hypotheses and theories in relation to phenomena. Qualitative research is the process of gathering data based on the importance of observations through a systematic, thorough inquiry into a problem, situation or a society with the aim of generating new facts or authenticating the existing knowledge. In this research the phenomena under study are hard to measure mathematically such as attitudes, beliefs , meanings, attributes and culture. Therefore, it is the analysis, assessment and interpretation of observations in determining the fundamental significance and nature of phenomena, relationships and units without using mathematical models. Characteristics of quantitative research Methods and measurements Quantitative research uses several methods such as surveys and questionnaires, experiments in case controlled studies as well as tracking and cohort studies. Surveys and questionnaires enable the researchers to place numerical values on opinions or attributes. Experiments in case controlled studies enable one to control environmental factors under study. Cohort studies involve placing people of the same characteristics in a cohort and then measuring the changes in comparison to the control, group. Basically this design is based on numbers and figures that are less in-depth but broad in information on a number of cases. The responses for the data have fixed options for instance in questionnaires. Use of statistics Quantitative research applies statistical tests and methods such as data collection, data recording, and formulation of hypothesis which is based on theories. Causal relationships are also established using mathematical tools. Correlation analysis for instance is mostly applied in measuring causality.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Objective Quantitative research offers experimental effects that are interpreted by the researchers of a situation, problem or project. This is mainly because it is based on facts obtained from surveys or interviews or questionnaires from the respondents. Additionally, in this design the research is independent of what is being researched. The findings of the research can be valid and accurate depending on the instrument or measurement device being used. Deductive Quantitative research involves a confirmato ry or â€Å"top down† scientific technique which is used primarily for explanation, description, and prediction. A deductive procedure is used to test pre-stated models, constructs, and hypotheses that forms the structure of a theory Characteristics of qualitative research Design strategies Qualitative research uses naturalistic inquiry, emergent design flexibility and purposeful sampling. Naturalistic inquiry involves having no predetermined limitations on findings and studying the real situations as they occur without controlling them. Emergent design flexibility involves being open to adjusting inquiry as situations change or get deeper. Purposeful sampling involves selecting population that is rich in information like cultures, communities, events, organizations and so on to get the insight of the phenomenon. Data collection and fieldwork strategies Qualitative research focuses on personal experience and engagement, qualitative data, mindfulness and emphatic neutrality, dynamic systems and an inside view with an objective mind. These are necessary to ensure in-depth information which is objective and valid is obtained even in sensitive circumstances. Methods: Qualitative research uses methods like focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, ethnography, observation and review of documents on the theme. The information is text based and has greater detailed information based on few cases. The responses do not have fixed options since they can be structured or semi-structured. Subjective Facts in this design are based on the description of a problem or situation according to those experiencing it. Therefore the validity, precision and reliability of the data rely on the skill or expertise of the researcher and the willingness and reliability of the source.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Quantitative and Qualitative Research: Characteristics and Comparison specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Comparison Qualitative and quantitative research differ in a number of ways including; methods of data collection and fieldwork strategies, nature of data collected, design strategies as well as situations in which they can be used. Qualitative research is used in complex situations that require deep and qualitative data. It is also applicable in abstract situations like studying culture and behavior in which case cannot be quantified. However, these two designs more often than not serve to complement one another. Qualitative research can be seen as the precursor of quantitative research because it produces probable guides and innovations to formulate a practical and testable hypothesis. The hypothesis can then be expansively tested and scientifically examined, through standard quantitative research techniques.

Health&Fitness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health&Fitness - Essay Example The author is of the opinion that regular moderate exercises can achieve the desired benefits. To support his views, he lists down several benefits that accrue like dramatically lower rates of heart disease, strokes and many others. Simple activities like light walking, mowing the lawn, even if done in bits and pieces, by taking time off in between, go a long way in improving health. Climbing the stairs to one's office rather than taking an elevator or doing a brisk walk from the parking lot are ways that can be done easily, with minimal efforts required. One important thing to note from the article is that simple exercises like mentioned above can be made part and parcel of one's life and hence will reap benefits in the long term. As to how I stand on the article, I would say that I agree with the author's views that regular exercise is important, even if it is not intensive. What usually happens is that one is not able to sustain one's fitness regimes due to commitment that is required. Intensive or rigorous exercises take a lot out of the person and demands considerable effort. So people usually are unable to make daily visits to the gym from a tiring day at the work. Even if they do so they do not have enough time to spare.

Persuation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Persuation - Essay Example Failure to be out the game voluntarily and apologize to fellow teammates, I will have no choice but to report Joseph to the coach. Joseph violated a major rule. The captains explicitly relayed the rules to the team members before the season begun and made it clear that it was vital for them to follow the rules. The team further agreed that drinking would lead to a one game suspension. Joseph, as a teammate, agreed to this policy. Therefore, there is no excuse for what Joseph did as he was aware of the consequences and the team’s goal. Joseph is my best friend. Therefore, he should respect my decision. He knows very well how dedicated I am to the team and winning the national championship. Moreover, he knows my work ethics and the importance of following the rules. I did not expect this from him as he is supposed to set a good example for the team. On my part, as the captain, associating with people who break rules and being lenient on them will not be setting a good example. Alcohol has many effects on a person. The dehydration and lack of energy, in particular, will affect Joseph. The team is on the verge of playing the biggest game of the season against the biggest rivals. Therefore, the training is intensive so that the team can succeed in beating the rivals. Dehydration and lack of energy will prevent Joseph from training as hard as he should. Thus, he should really consider the possibility of a poor performance. If I do not punish Joseph, the team might find out about the drinking and get angry, as it will be favoritism. The anger will affect the team’s performance, as there will be no coordination. Moreover, the other members will feel like their drinking and breaking other rules is justified. They will not expect a punishment if they broke any of the rules. If the coach was to find out that Joseph went out drinking and refused to sit out the game, he might actually kick him out of the team. The coach

Geometrical Optics And Its Applications

Geometrical Optics And Its Applications Optics is the cornerstone of photonics systems and applications. Geometrical optics, or ray optics, is to study the geometry of paths of lights and their imagery through optical systems. Light will be treated as a form of energy which travels in straight lines called rays. When light comes to be regarded as waves, it will be seen that shadows cast by objects are not as sharp as rectili (Ariel Lipson,Stephen G. Lipson,Henry Lipson) (Ariel Lipson,Stephen G. Lipson,Henry Lipson, 2010)near propagation suggests due to diffraction and interference effects of wave. Thus, there is a simple assumption for geometrical optics, which is rays of light propagate along straight lines until they get reflected, refracted, or absorbed at a surface. 2 Fermats Principle 2.1 Background Fermats Principle, also known as the principle of the shortest optical path, was introduced by Pierre de Fermat in the early seventeenth century. This principle is used to state and explain the motion of light ray through different media, which helps to demonstrate laws of reflection and refraction later on. 2.2 Theory The path of a light ray connecting two points is the one for which the time of transit, but not the length, is a minimum. The time, T , for a light ray through space to travel from a point A to another point B can be calculated as: It is known that is velocity, which can also be regarded as for light, where c is the speed of light and n is the refractive index of the medium. Thus, we have Then the path taken by light should be the path that minimizes this integral, which would be: Therefore, it is the fact that light will travel along paths of stationary optical path length, where the optical path length is a local maximum or minimum with respect to any small variation in the path. And many paths will take exactly the same time to travel from point A to point B. (Ariel Lipson,Stephen G. Lipson,Henry Lipson, 2010) 3. Reflection 3.1 Derivation for Law of Reflection In general, law of reflection states that when a light ray incident upon a reflective surface, it will be reflected with an reflective angle that exactly equal to the incident angle with respect to the normal of the surface. Law of reflection can be dervied from Fermats Principle. Assume that the medium of the light travel is homogeneous, we haveC:UsersGaryDesktopà ¦Ã…“ ªÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ .png Total path length S from A to B is Based on Fermats Principle we know that light would travel the path with minimum time. As in homogeneous medium, light travels with a constant speed and therefore the minimum time path is equilvant to the minimum distance path, which can be obtained by taking the first derivative of S with respect to x. which is sinà £Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¥AOC = sin à £Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¥BOC Thus shows that à £Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¥AOC = à £Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¥BOC, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection NB: It has to be reminded that the incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal are co-planar. (Philip D. Straffin, C. T. Benson, 1993) 3.2 Specular and Diffuse Reflection In details, there are two types of reflection Specular reflection and diffuse reflection. http://titan.bloomfield.edu/facstaff/dnicolai/images/ImagesPhy106/lesson2.gif Specular or regular reflection is said to occur when parallel rays reflect from a high smooth and flat surface. For instance, a flashlight beam is said to have specular reflection as the reflective surface is mirror which is highly smooth and it, hence, makes the reflected beams travel towards the same direction in parallel as in (a). Most object, however, reflect light diffusely and the rays in an incident parallel beam are reflected in many direction as in (b) because of diffuse reflection. Diffuse reflection is due to the surface of the object not being perfectly smooth like a mirror. In fact, under microscopic scale, the surface of most of objects, if not all, is quite rough. Although at each point on the surface the law of reflection is observed, the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection varies from point to point. Each of the initially parallel rays, therefore, is reflected in a different direction. 3.3 Mirror Concepts and its Applications 3.3.1 Image Formation with Mirrors Mirrors, undoubtedly, are ubiquitous in daily, especially used in mirror and optical instruments for gathering light and forming images. Law of reflection can be applied to use in locating the reflected image graphically as long as the size, location and orientation of the object is known. 3.3.1.1 Images in Plane Mirrors Images with mirrors are formed when many non-parallel light beams are reflected from the mirror surface and converge to form a corresponding image point. Image formed by plane mirror is erect, virtual, same size as the object and laterally inverted.C:UsersGaryDesktopreflection in mirror.png For a point object, in Fig 3.3.1.1a, rays from the object at O are reflected in all directions based on the laws of reflection so that they appear to come from a point I behind the mirror and this is where the observer imagines the image to be. For an extended object, in Fig 3.3.1.1b, the image of a point A on the object is at A, and two points are being equidistant from the mirror. Similarly, the image of point B is at B. The image size, therefore, is identical to the object seize, giving a magnification of unity. However, the right-hand side of the object becomes the left-hand side of the image and vice versa. The image is said to be laterally inverted.C:UsersGaryDesktopmirror extended object.png To conclude, a planar mirror is strictly stigmatic in nature Any incident rays issued from point A gives reflected rays passing through point B symmetrically to A with regard to the plane of the mirror. B, hence, is the image of A. (Katz, 2002) 3.3.1.2 Images in Curved Mirrors There are mainly two types of spherical mirrors, concave and convex. Similar to planar mirror, image can be traced using the law of reflection. Unlike image formed by planar mirror, which is always erect, virtual, same size as the object and laterally inverted, the image formed by a spherical mirror and its nature depend on the distance of the object from the mirror. To construct the image, we assume that small objects on the principal axes of mirrors of small aperture are being considered so that all rays are paraxial. Point images will, thus, be formed of points on the object. For concave mirrors, also known as converging mirrors because of their action on a parallel beam of light, is a mirror with a curved reflecting surface that bulges inward. The formation of image using concave mirror can be in different locations of the object can be concluded by the following figure. Concave Mirror The nature of image using concave mirror and its applications are summarized as below: Position of the object Position of the image Nature and size of the image Use At infinity At the focus Real, inverted and diminished As collector of radiation in solar heating devices Beyond the centre of curvature Between the focus and the centre of curvature Real, inverted and diminished At the centre of curvature At centre of curvature Real, inverted and same size as object As a reflecting mirror behind a projector lamp Between the focus and centre of curvature Beyond the centre of curvature Real, inverted and magnified In flood lights At focus At infinity Real, inverted and magnified As a reflecting mirror in car, head lights, search lights etc. Between the pole of the mirror and the focus Appears behind the mirror Virtual, erect and magnified As a shaving mirror or makeup mirror and dentists mirror (Katz, 2002) For convex mirrors, also known as diverging mirrors reflect the incoming parallel light beams to form divergent beams which appear to come from a point behind the mirror.Convex Mirror Unlike that in concave mirrors, the nature of image formed by convex mirror is always virtual, diminished and erect. (Katz, 2002) 3.3.2 Derivation of the mirror formula Mirror formula is useful when we have to calculate the image location. Using triangles 2 and 3, we have,http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/mimg232.gif While using trangles 2 and 4, we have, Where is the image distance, is the object distance, f is the focal length, is the image height and is the object height It should be noticed that the sign convention is to be used in mirror formula. A real object or image distance is positive while a virtual object or image distance is negative. Magnification of a mirror image, m, can also be calculated by 3.3.3 Mirror instruments 3.3.3.1 Catoptric Systems Catoptric Systems is the system that merely consists of mirrors for the formation of image. (Board, 2012) 3.3.3.1.1 Newtonian telescopehttp://bdaugherty.tripod.com/gcseAstronomy/images/newtonian.jpg Newtonian telescope is the first reflecting telescope invented by Isaac Newton in 1668. It consists of a concave primary mirror and a small flat diagonal secondary mirror. In a bid to have a stigmatic axial image, a concave mirror has to be applied to act as a primary mirror and it reflects light back up the scope axis to the secondary mirror which is titled at 45o to the axis. The secondary mirror, which is a small plane mirror, is placed in the path of beams reflected by the primary mirror in order to divert the rays to one side of the tube. The reason for choosing a small mirror to act as secondary mirror is to prevent the influx of light beams is blocked from reaching the primary mirror. Pros of the Newtonian telescope Cons of the Newtonian telescope Less expensive Reduction of light intensity due to the blockage of central flat plane Shorter focal ratio leads a wider field of view Easily suffer from coma (i.e. an off-axis aberration) Free of chromatic aberration Simpler fabrication (Kitchin, 2012) 3.3.3.1.2 Cassegrain Telescope http://www.vikdhillon.staff.shef.ac.uk/teaching/phy217/telescopes/cassegrain.gif Cassegrain Telescope is another type of reflecting telescope employing two principal mirrors, a concave parabolic primary mirror like the Newtonians, but its secondary one is a convex hyperboloidal mirror. It makes use of the special properties of parabolic and hyperbolic reflectors. A concave parabolic reflector will reflect all incoming light rays parallel to its axis of symmetry to a single point, the focus. A convex hyperbolic reflector has two foci and will reflect all light rays directed at one of its two foci towards its other focus. The mirrors in this type of telescope are designed and positioned so that they share one focus and so that the second focus of the hyperbolic mirror will be at the same point at which the image is to be observed, usually just outside the eyepiece. The parabolic mirror reflects parallel light rays entering the telescope to its focus, which is also the focus of the hyperbolic mirror. The hyperbolic mirror then reflects those light rays to its other focus, where the image is observed. (Waland, 1990) 3.3.3.1.3 Gregorian telescope http://s4.hubimg.com/u/7341531_f520.jpg Gregorian telescope employs concave parabolic mirror to act as both primary and secondary mirror in this reflecting telescope. The light that first enters the tube is reflected by the primary concave mirrors and directed towards the secondary mirror, which is also a concave mirror. It will reflect the rays out to the telescope through the hole in its center. Observer can therefore view the image formed on the eyepiece. (Trà ¼mper, 2010) 3.3.3.2 Catadioptric Systems Catadioptric system, on the other hand, is the system that consists of both mirrors and lenses for the formation of image. (Board, 2012) Catadioptric Systems will not be included in this paper. 3.4 Other Applications 3.4.1 Optical lever and light-beam galvanometers Galvanometer is an instrument that used to measure very small electric currents. Some sensitive galvanometers would use a beam of light in conjunction with a small mirror as a pointer. When there exists current flowing in the electric wire, a tiny mirror that is fixed to the part of the meter will rotate. And a light beam from a fixed lamp falls on the mirror and is reflected onto a translucent scale. For a given current, the longer the pointer (i.e. the reflected beam) the greater the deflection observed on the scale. This simply applies the reflective nature of light wave. (A.M.Badadhe, 2006)http://www.daviddarling.info/images/moving-coil_galvanometer.jpg 3.4.2 Red-eye effect The Red-eye effect is a common phenomenon in photography. It occurs when the photographic flash unit place closely to the camera lens. Normally, the rationale of photo-taking is that light from the flash unit enters the eye and is reflected back to the camera lens. Nevertheless, under dark environment, pupil diameter would increase due to contraction of radial muscle fibers and relaxation of circular muscle fibers of iris under autonomic nervous system and therefore more light beams can enter into the retina of the eye. And the reflected light from the retina is red because of largely blood vessels in Choroid. It, therefore, gives the Red-eye effect in photograph. 3.4.3 Headlight of Carhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAocxF-72N5opOqRXLXfd1CGTG9rLUKp6-r6dKPFb2CCaxdW2SiK-wldyw1VDA20N_NWu0IlZu1g8WWnhHJ20fPc4I25V-ajUnk4JWWLyQvahd0Fb0lxmrbUOrUpjQU2iN-3Eg4K2o05dx/s1600/infiniti+headlight.jpg It employs concave parabolic mirrors at the front of the car, which acts as reflectors in the head lights of cars, search lights etc. 3.4.4 Dentists Mirrorhttp://cdn7.fotosearch.com/bthumb/FSA/FSA132/x12292469.jpg Dentists Mirror applies reflection to reflect and focus light on the tooth so that dentists can be examined in detail. 3.4.5 Optical Comparatorhttp://www.worldoftest.com/img/products/qv300_1.jpg Optical Comparator is an instrument that projects a magnified image or profile of a part onto a screen for comparison to a standard overlay profile or scale based on the principles of optics. The comparator, basically, is a non-contact device, which frequently used to measure, test, inspect, gauge or examine parts for compliance with specifications. (A.M.Badadhe, 2006) 3.4.6 Security Convex Mirrorhttp://dgmglass.com/images/mirrors/security/mirror-s-3.jpg One of the distinguish feature of convex mirror is the widely view range. Therefore, convex mirror is applied to act as a security mirror in blind junctions of roads or at corners of walls of bug buildings. The person that is approaching from other side would be shown when the mirror is positioned properly. 3.4.7 Rear-view mirror in an automobilehttp://transport-futures.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/rear-view-mirror.jpg Knowing that the size of image of an object would be smaller when the object comes closer to the convex mirror, this unique feature can be applied to use on automobiles as rear view mirrors so that the diver can clearly view an approaching vehicle. 3.4.8 Submarines PeriscopeC:UsersGaryDesktopreflecting Periscope.png A periscope is a mirror instrument for observation from a concealed position. It works by employing two mirrors at 45o to each other, reflecting light rays from one place to another and finally out to the persons eye. 4 Refraction 4.1 Law of Refraction Qualitatively, when a light wave, which in fact composed of oscillating Electric fields and Magnetic field, crosses from a low optically density medium, say vacuum into a high optically density medium, say glass, E-Field and B-Fields are altered in terms of magnitude and direction of travel by the charges in the glass. Law of refraction, however, can be proved mathematically as follows: The first medium is supposed to be faster than the second medium and the speeds of propagation in 1st medium and 2nd medium are and respectively, where c is the speed of light in vacuum and n1, n2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1. C:UsersLenovoDropboxU life2012-13, year2, 1st semesterCCST 9042 The world of wavesSnellslaw_diagram2.png Then, we have to evaluate the time taken by light ray from P to Q, which is Based on Fermats Principle, light travels the path with the least time. Thus, in an attempt to minimize the transit time, we set the derivative of time is zero and we have: By trigonometry, we have As and, we have This is Law of refraction, also known as Snell-Descartes law. NB: Similar to law of reflection, the incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal are co-planar. (Philip D. Straffin, C. T. Benson, 1993) 4.2 Total internal reflection According to Snells law, when a light travels from one a medium with a higher optical density, to a medium with a lower optical density, say from glass to air, it will be refracted away from the normal (i.e. Ray C in Fig 4.2a) and a weak internally reflected ray is, meanwhile, formed (i.e. Ray B in Fig 4.2a) C:UsersGaryDesktopà ¦Ã…“ ªÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ 33.png Increasing the angle of incidence i increases the angle of refraction r, and at a certain angle of incidence c, called the critical angle, the reflected ray beam just emerges along the surface of the glass and the angle of refraction is 90o (i.e. Ray D in Fig 4.2b). In Fig 4.2 c, as the incident angle is increased continuously above critical angle (i.e. i > c), the refracted angle will be higher than 90o and sin r > 1, which is impossible and no refraction is possible. At this stage the internally reflected ray becomes bright and the refracted ray disappears. Hence, total internal reflection is now said to be occurring since all the incident light is reflected inside the optically denser medium. Mathematically, the critical angle can be found based on Snells law, which is Assume that n1 is refractive index of optically denser medium, n2 is refractive index of optically less dense medium, ÃŽÂ ¸1 is the critical angle of denser medium and ÃŽÂ ¸2 is the angle of refraction in less denser medium. All in all, for Total internal reflection to happen: Light must travel from denser medium to rarer medium. Angle of incidence should be greater than critical angle (i.e. i > c.) 4.3 Thin Lenses Thin lens is a lens that its axial thickness is small compared to the radii of curvature of its surfaces. (I.e. The thickness of the lens is negligible compared with the focal length of the lens) There are mainly two types of thin lenses, Converging thin lenses and Diverging thin lenses. Converging thin lenses, also known as convex lenses, direct parallel light rays bending toward one another after passing through them Diverging thin lenses, or so-called concave lenses, cause parallel light beams to spread as the leave the lens.http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT6lXrPj04wfnztVlEvIlewlbzvIzhu_60Cup8oDYd840MY3w0SiOxnzxaVrQ 4.3.1 Image Formed by Thin Lenses 4.3.1.1 Convex Lens Ray DiagramFormation of Image by a Convex Lens Object is located between focus and lens The image is: Virtual Erect Magnifiedobject at F1 2. Object is located at focus The image is: Real Inverted Magnified 3. Object is located between focus and F2 The image is:object between F2 F1 Real Inverted Magnified 4. Object is located at F2object between O F2 The image is: Real Inverted Same size as the object 5. Object is located beyond F2object beyond F2 The image is: Real Inverted Diminished 6. Object is located at infinityobject infinity The image is: Real Inverted Highly diminished 4.3.1.2 Concave Lens Ray Diagram 1. Object is located between focus and mirrorconcave lens object F O The image is: Erect Virtual Diminished 2. Object is located between mirror and infinityconcave lens object infinity O The image is: Erect Virtual Diminished 3. Object is located at infinityconcave lens object at infinity The image is: Erect Virtual Diminished 4.3.2 Derivation of the lens formula for thin lenses Gaussian lens formula, also known as lens formula, can be derived as follow: http://www.astarmathsandphysics.com/university_physics_notes/optics/university_physics_notes_proof_of_thin_lens_equation_html_5c3e1e20.gif As, (1) Where O is the size of the object and I is the size of the image. Also, Thus, Combine with (1), we have NB: The Cartesian Sign Convention for thin lens formulas are as follow: Light travels initially from left to right toward the lens. Object distance p is positive for real objects located to the left of the lens and negative for virtual objects located to the right of the lens. Image distance q is positive for real images formed to the right of the lens and negative for virtual images formed to the left of the lens. The focal length f is positive for a converging lens, negative for a diverging lens. The radius of curvature r is positive for a convex surface, negative for a concave surface. Transverse distances are positive above the optical axis, negative below (Katz, 2002) 4.3.3 Power of a Lens The optical power of the lens is used to describe the bending ability of lens in term of power. Basically the power of a lens of focal length f is, Power, in the case, can be expressed in m-1as the unit of power is diopter 1 D = 1m-1 Therefore, if there exists a convex of power 1D, its focal length equals to 1 meter. 4.4 Optical instruments 4.4.1 Prismshttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif/330px-Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif Optical prisms are components that commonly used in optical experimental arrangements and optical instruments, with the role of illustrating dispersion of light beams. Rather than showing the complicated mathematical proof such as derivation of minimum deviation, application of prism will be illustrated below. (Thorington, 2009) 4.4.1.1 Prism BinocularsC:UsersGaryDesktopprism.png Prism Binoculars consist of a pair of refracting astronomical telescopes with two totally reflecting prisms (angles 90o, 45o, and 45o) between each objective and eyepiece. Prism A causes lateral inversion and prism B inverts verticallt so that the final image is the same way round and the same way up as the object. (Thorington, 2009) 4.4.1.2 PeriscopeC:UsersGaryDesktoppp.png Periscope, apart from using two reflecting mirror, employs two prisms. Under the occurring of total internal reflection on the hypotenuse, the incident rays and reflected rays are symmetric with regard to a plane orthogonal to the hypotenuse. In the case of normal incidence on one side of the right angle, the incident and reflected beams are orthogonal. 4.4.2 Magnifying Glasshttp://blog.timesunion.com/opinion/files/2011/02/0217_WVinternet.jpg Magnifying glass, also called Simple microscope, consist of a converging lens forming a virtual, upright, magnified image of an object placed inside its principal focus. For an object of height h is viewed at the near point by the unaided eye, the visual angle is, where D is the least distance of distinct visionhttp://www.astarmathsandphysics.com/ib_physics_notes/optics/ib_physics_notes_the_angular_magnification_of_a_magnifying_glass_when_the_image_is_formed_at_the_near_point_html_m367c081d.gif Now the object is placed at distance u from the lens, the visual angle subtended by its image is given by http://www.astarmathsandphysics.com/ib_physics_notes/optics/ib_physics_notes_the_angular_magnification_of_a_magnifying_glass_when_the_image_is_formed_at_the_near_point_html_f9ca6a7.gif The angular magnification is, therefore, given by 4.4.3 Compound Microscope Compound Microscope is a kind of optical instrument that uses visible light and a lens system to magnify images of small samples. C:UsersGaryDesktopcompound micropound.png The lens L1 nearer to the object, called the objective, forms a real, magnified, inverted image I1 of an object O placed just outside its principal focus Fo. I1 is just inside the principal focus Fo of the second lens L2, called the eyepiece, which act as a magnifying glass and produces a magnified, virtual image I2 of I1. In normal adjustment, the final image I2 lies at the near point. Then the visual angle subtended by the final image to the eye is given by When the object of height h is placed at the near point and viewed unaided, the visual angle subtended by the object is given by Hence, the angular magnification is given by And since, the linear magnification is equal to the linear magnification of the objective x linear magnification of the eyepiece. (Giordano, 2011) 4.4.4 Refracting Astronomical Telescope Refracting Astronomical Telescope consists of two converging lenses; one is an objective with long focal length and the other an eyepiece with short focal length. The objective L1 forms a real, diminished, inverted image I1, of a distant object at its principal focus Fo since the rays incident on L1 from a point on such an object can be assumed parallel. The eyepiece L2 acts as a magnifying glass and forms a magnified, virtual image of I1 and, when the telescope is in normal adjustment, this image is at infinity. I1 must, therefore, be at the principal focus F2 of L2, hence F0 and F2 coincide. http://images.tutorvista.com/content/optics/astronomical-telescope-magnifying-power.jpeg From the above figure, we find that The visual angle subtended by the object is given by and the visual angle subtended by the object is given by, where h is the image height. Therefore, the angular magnification is For telescope in normal adjustment, the separation of the two lenses is the sum of the focal lengths. And this, the foci of the objective lens and the eye-piece must be at the same place. (Giordano, 2011) 4.4.5 Galilean Telescopehttp://www.transtutors.com/userfiles/image/ARUN/IMAGES/Gal.JPG Galilean Telescope consists of two lenses a converging objective of large focal length and a diverging eyepiece of small focal length The angular magnification is 5. Conclusion In this term paper, the concepts of geometric optics are included comprehensively such as law of reflection, refraction, formation of images in mirrors and lens, etc. The notion of a light ray and the scientific study of light are involved in a bid to illustrating the working principle of different mirror and optical instruments, such as various telescope, efficiently.

Reparations to Descendants of Slaves Should Have Ceased Long Ago Essay

Reparations to Descendants of Slaves Should Have Ceased Long Ago In this day and time the world is heavily concerned with political and social corrective ness, thus everyone is catered too and no money changes hands. The idea and arguments of paying reparations to the descendants of slaves has been in the American media and courthouses since the English barrister James Grahame published a groundbreaking book in 1850 setting the first claim for reparations in the United States. It is no surprise that these allegations arose so soon after the abolishing of slavery at the culmination of the Civil War. Free blacks and enslaved blacks are accredited with building a nation on their backs, that is not so; America was built on the backs of the heroic men who served in the American Revolution and the victorious soldiers who reconciled a broken country after the Civil War. Reparations cannot be paid to those whom it is not owed. America has been heavily criticized for quietly supporting slavery in the North and celebrating the institution of slavery in the South. It seems quite puzzling as to why reparations are so sought after by African Americans in the country, when none of them are direct descendants of those who were enslaved. African Americans have been so bold to even bring forth allegations against nations in Europe for starting and profiting from the slave trade as well as the colonization of Africa, it we as a civilized people did our homework we would find that it was capitalistic tribes of Africa who staged the capturing of the slaves thus setting the wheels of slavery in motion. This is the main reason why America can not and will not be charged with the heinous act of paying billions of tax dollars to non-existent sl... ...just settlement of emotional, physical, mental, or financial debt. As John Carroll fervently proclaims â€Å"I didn’t do it! My ancestors didn’t do it! The people who did it are dead now.† Slavery is a worldwide epidemic, it has been passed down through time, so Judge Halbert I declare that you vehemently clear America, the West, the nations of Eastern Europe, and Christians clear of any wrongdoing in saving the slaves from a life of darkness and sin. WE HAVE PAID OUT DEBT’S IN FULL! Works Cited Page Brooks, Raymond L. â€Å"Paying for Past Sins†: Taking Sides. 16 June 2002.

Black Rage-Book Report Essay

The pages of human history daubed in bloodshed and thickly coated with ethnic, racial conflicts ask a crying question. How to make this Planet Earth heaven -like? The answer is simple and direct. Eyes full of understanding, heart full of love and the life that refuses conflicts—these alone are enough! When an individual or a people of a particular race are constantly nagged and abused, condemned and ostracized by the society, they become bitter and cynical individuals. Heartfelt care and concern, an understanding approach and tender regard for their feelings are necessary pre-requisites to heal their inner wounds. Adequate opportunities need to be created for their ‘reformation’ and ‘rehabilitation’ into the mainstream of the society. The authors feel that it is not an easy task. Each and every molecule of the Negro race is surcharged with the hidden grudge as for the inhuman treatment meted out to them in all walks of life, from the cradle to the grave and from the womb to the tomb and this process continued for centuries. They were branded from birth as ‘niggers. ’ This insult on their personality is difficult to condone. Brief summary of the book: This is a classic work on black identity. This is also criticized as one of the sexiest books. Slavery is no ordinary crime against humanity. The book explains the race relations and its dynamics in the day to day living of the blacks vs. whites. How at each step of the ladder the blacks were pulled down, how they were made to stumble at deliberately created hurdles by the whites, how slavery dynamics deeply impact the cross-racial sexual relationships etc. It is one thing to have freedom and protection for the essential human dignity of the individual legally. It is good to have uniform constitutional rights for whites and blacks. But what mattes is the interpretation of the laws and their applicability to the ground level situations, concerning the blacks. The book is an authentic source of inspiration to the educated younger generation of blacks, and for the African psychologists of the day. The book cites case studies and they are properly dealt with. The point by point analysis of the â€Å"intra-psychic† dynamics of Black life in every day America is extremely informative and an eye-opener. Blacks, in many parts of the world where the whites were the dominating community, suffered, and in USA they suffered intensely. The authors are psychiatrists by profession and they are eminently suited to treat this subject. The inner conflicts and the desperation of back life, how they carry on with their back to the wall existence—all these have been highlighted, with the zeal of pursuing the truth. As the black race is exposed to various social situations related to the individual growth through education, employment, achievement of status in life, the intra-racial problems have begun to crop up with great intensity. The authors cite the case of an educated school teacher, marrying a laborer. They explain: â€Å"†¦She was embarrassed by his poor education. He felt that she and her friends were â€Å"phony† and that she was preoccupied with maintaining senseless appearances. Their mutual hostility led to verbal and later physical assaults. Divorce was the result. This pattern is so common in Negro marriages that it deserves special study, which might shed light on the broader problems of how in America choice of mate and marriage in general is influenced by a person’s blackness. †(p. 75) The authors put forth strong arguments that black people living in a racist, white dominated society have suffered and are suffering psychological pressure by the effects of racist oppression. This sometimes, has the telling effect in on the day to day disposition and black people act in unpredictable manner. The thesis of the book: Will the country ever awake in to that heaven of freedom, and when it will be free from the division of narrow domestic walls created by race prejudices? What you do to mitigate the mental barrier of racial discrimination on so many counts is not important. How you do, what you do is indeed important. More acts and legislations have helped to create a stir in the minds of whites and blacks. But the problem eludes permanent solution. This is so, because the feeling of superiority within the minds of the whites has to change. When the thought process will change, the action process will also change! When the thoughts are changed, the mind is changed; when the mind is changed, the man is changed; when the man is changed, the society is changed; when the society is changed, the Nation is changed. Then only we can way that plenty and prosperity engulfs USA, not otherwise! The contents and arguments in the book contain too much sex, much more than required by the literary standards. But some times, these issues are beyond the control of the authors. Firstly the book must sell. This is the prime objective of the publisher. Fortunately or unfortunately, sex sells. If it is handled well, it sells well. This could be one of the reasons for the extra dose of sex in the book—this may not be as well! This book has about 230 pages with 10 chapters, Who’s angry, the shadow of the past, achieving womanhood, acquiring manhood, marriage and love, character traits, the â€Å"Promise† of education, mental illness and treatment, and how come there’s so much hate and black rage. In a nutshell, the contents of the book discuss and analyze the bitter past of slavery in USA, the tension-ridden race relations in USA today, and the future of black and white race relations which have the possibilities to turn worst, on the slightest provocation, when the black race is making its presence felt strongly, in political, social, and economic spheres. In sports, blacks are dominating! The blacks accepted the domination of the white race-will the whites accept the domination of the black race in times to come? Will the law of divine retribution work in this context? Identify the evidence used by the author to support his/ her thesis That which is evident requires no introduction, elaboration, or appreciation. Light is bright and it is evident. Milk is white and it is evident. Simply say black race in America, and everything is evident. The saga of suffering of the Negro race, the era of slavery, violence and cruelty to subdue their legitimate aspirations rotates on the curtain of one’s mind. The authors of Black Rage do not mince words when it comes to condemning the atrocities committed on the black race. â€Å"The voice of black America has been heard in the explosions of Watts, Newark, and Detroit,† they warn. (p. 3) They assert their aspiration in strongest terms. â€Å"Black people continue to revolt against laws and customs that are deadly and humiliating†¦Aggression leaps from wounds inflicted and ambitions spiked. It grows out of oppression and capricious cruelty. †(p. 3). The younger generation of Negroes is not willing to wait and accept ‘the tactful handling of the situation’ by the whites when their interests matter. The white race is not willing to travel in the boat where the rudder is controlled by the black. The blacks are aware, by their bitter past experiences that the whites will go to any extent when their own interests matter. This causes more frustration and apprehension in the black community and adversely affects their psyche. The example cited in the text is that of Jimmy, a twelve year old boy. â€Å"His face was jet-black, and his expressions ranged from somber to sad. Whether relating stories of home, school, or the streets, he disguised his true feelings. At twelve he had learned one of his first lessons–always play it cool. As much as possible, he worked to hide his inner life. One day he stared long and hard at his fist and said: â€Å"I want to hit a white man. †(p. 59) State your own opinion and ideas about this book. The book contains tough opinions about the white race. To tell a black youngster to forget the past, say that he is constitutionally protected and enjoys equal rights as applicable to whites or any ethnic group is as good as telling him a story. The suffering of the Negro race is something very special and closely linked to the destiny of America. The black can condone the past; they can not ignore or forget it. The whites are not obliging the blacks by the present stance of understanding them. They have no other alternative. They must accept their newfound social position—equal in every respect as compared to the black people and it is their duty to say that the black-brother is first among the equal. They must attempt and secure the transformation within. The writers put it crisply and authoritatively. â€Å"After all, the thoughts begin, the Negro is also an American and if he is different it is only matter of degree. Cliches are brought forth and there is a lengthy recitation of the names of famous Negroes. Long association has bred feelings of familiarity which masquerade as knowledge. But there remain puzzles about black people; all is not understood; something is missing. †(p. 23) â€Å"It is better to have a world united than a world divided; but it is better to have a world divided, than a world destroyed,† said Sir Winston Churchill at the time of II World War. Presently, does this quote apply to the solution for the race problem in USA? USA will never be divided in geographical terms, the Constitution of USA is strong enough, the political leaders have enough foresight, but the example given in the book is shocking and is the definite pointer, how the division of the hearts is complete. How Come There’s So Much Hate? â€Å"When the man died, his wife of forty years was pitied by her friends. The widow was a stern New Englander; her dead husband was a black. In spite of strong social disapproval of their marriage, they had raised children and prospered. There had been some discord between them, but they handled it discreetly and the children had never heard them comment on racial matters. Even when a racial incident was prominent in the news, not a word was said about it. The children assumed that their mother had long since accepted the realities of marriage to a black man. They were completely unprepared for her words when her husband died: â€Å"Thank God that nigger is gone! â€Å"(p. 181) Spirituality, not religion, seems to be the only answer to this vexed problem of race relations. Once a human being crosses the mind barrier, all differences all tensions, cease! Mind is a bundle of negative and positive thoughts. The usual methods of suppressing the thoughts and emotions are not going to bring permanent peace. If the Negro race has to surrender at any point, it has got to be the dynamic surrender, of a supreme and brave human being. They should not accept the supremacy of the white race, nor demand the pound of flesh for the historical misdeeds of the whites. If the revengeful attitude persists, it will take them and the Nation nowhere. If the Nation does not survive how will the black and white races survive?

A Behavioural Based Study on Lifting and Hoisting Failures - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1631 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/10/10 Category Statistics Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Lifting and Hoisting Failures Introduction Lifting and hoisting related injuries have been on the rise. Even with all the technological advancements, legislations, best practices and standards; incidents still occur. By definition, safety professionals are responsible for controlling exposure to risk (Tim Page-Bottorff, February 2016). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Behavioural Based Study on Lifting and Hoisting Failures" essay for you Create order In many ways, I do agree with that statement. For SHE practitioners, a hierarchy of controls establishes the actions to be considered in an order of effectiveness to resolve unacceptable hazardous situations (Fred A. Manuele, May 2005). For my research topic, I focused on human behavioral aspects of lift related activities. There are a myriad of lift related articles but most focus on engineering aspects. Some, do come close like in the case of a defect in the design of the crane, it was classified as a `normal accident’ (Paul Swuste, 2013). But herein, it emphasizes on the defects which led to an accident with an element of risk tolerance. Human factors are studied independently and form a holistic approach for safety management but not necessarily how it correlates to lift operations. Very often, little attempt is made to understand why the human failures occurred (Health and Safety Executive, 1999). Research Question How can we embed behavior-based safety into lifting and hoisting operations to reduce incidents? Aim and Objectives Aim My aim was to highlight human errors, gaps and lapses that contribute to lifting failures. Examine and assess underlying root causes related to human behavior that cause lifting related incidents. Discover fundamental reasons for recurring fatal and serious injuries. What are the human errors and gaps that cause such incidents and what can we do to overcome them? There was a need to boil down to root causes and introduce causal learning initiatives. `  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All reasoning was researched without vilipending any detail in the slightest. In doing so, we were able to recommend mechanisms with verification and validation protocols that form a holistic approach to managing lift operations. Inefficiencies in lifting and hoisting cause incidents and consume both tragic human and financial loss at an unacceptable level. Various ways to reduce or eliminate these inefficiencies were identified. Objectives Purpose of study was to expose behavioral faults relating to lifting and hoisting operations. By delving and investigating what drives such acts we can rectify what drives a person to commit an at-risk behavior. By recognizing factors that contribute to poor lift and hoist operations, we can introduce systems and measures to prevent incidents. We have to strike a fine balance so as to ensure that recommendations introduced are not exhaustive and inferential. Eliminating poor lifting and hoisting practices by using behavior-based foundations. The research enabled stakeholders to proactively identify lift related hazards and provide for mitigation recommendations. It may also help establish proper procedures or standards by serving as a tool for analyzing risks associated with lifts. Recommendations or measures introduced also have the potential to be used in other contexts and tasks. In essence, it’s applicable to a myriad of activities but my focus was only be on lift and hois t operations as it’s the focus of my study. After study was conducted, a root cause analysis flowchart was established. Notion being that factors or perceptions which would have led or initiated sequence of events that resulted in and individual or workgroup committing an at-risk behavior. It was therefore be of interest to correct these factors so as to prevent recurrence of a similar situation. In do so, it was imperative to establish correct root causes as this in turn derives necessary measures to rectify situations that could have potentially have led to an at-risk behavior or incident. Potential benefits to lift and hoist operations was identified to be lesser stakeholders being injured, reduction in incident severity and reduction in property damage. In turn, this lead to an increase in efficiency, productivity, reliability and performance. Literature Review Most of the fatalities studied appear to be due carelessness or inattention (J.E. Beavers et al., 2006). What can we do about it? Careless, inattentive; what can we do about it? What if I told you that technology could help you by warning an individual of a potential falling object? Could we track being struck by falling objects based on real time information for proactive prevention (Weiwei Wu et al., 2013)? A bold concept, being struck by falling objects is a proponent of lifting operation related hazards. However, there are numerous hazards in a worksite and being struck by falling objects is just one of it. Albeit proposals recommended in this article is low cost, its application are very limited as it’s not a one-solution that fixes all and recommending such measures to stakeholders may not be well received by decision makers as it only helps with one aspect of managing people. There are other factors that must be taken into consideration such as how these RFID sensors ar e to be maintained. Is there a calibration regime etc.? In light of recent accidents do you there is a need for tighter controls and inspection of cranes? (Begum Sertyesilisik et al., 2013). That is a question that would be asked to an operator or lift specialist. How would he feel? It sounds like the question in itself doubts the competency, skill and knowledge of that individual. But, the writers have acknowledged the need for a feedback mechanism that is not part of a current apparatus. Personnel performed test with no previously established procedures (A.A. Marquez et al., 2014). Errors made by humans are being identified. What is being done about that? By delving into case studies with interviews from persons involved; they’ve come up with evidence based recommendations. However, it is important to note that this study was done within the UK context. As with all, culture forms the foundation of practices. There is one too many articles that tend to focus on material aspects. Instead of narrowing down root causes on why certain decisions made, a stress analysis of a crane jib is first carried out (Fransesco Frendo, 2013) a seam weld caused a dockside crane jib to collapse. Instead of asking why someone chose to seam weld a `structure’, questions were focused on equipment integrity. The vantage points for incidents are being seen from an engineering and quality standpoint with very few considerations about persons. Yes, people do agree that failure of cranes are potentially dangerous events and often have fatal consequences (A.A. Marquez et al., 2014). Root causes are related to human errors and be defined as exceeded barriers (A.A. Marquez et al., 2014). A spade is a spade and let’s refers to it as such. By manipulating human errors we fail to recognize consequences of actions since we’re subverting its notion. Assess the importance of each factor influencing risk (O.N. Aneziris et al., 2014). Evaluating such factors does not provide for an immediate answer. Rather, it denotes important items that should be considered before a corrective and preventive action plan is developed. Accident rates can be reduced through usage of safety devices and by legislation (Begum Sertyesilisik et al., 2013). Are we placing too much faith on engineering and administrative controls? Hierarchy of controls establishes the actions to be considered in an order of effectiveness to resolve unacceptable hazardous situations (Fred A. Manuele, May 2005). Hazardous situations could be resolved with control measures but human behavior is unpredictable. Undoubtedly, it’s human behaviors that either cause or contribute to hazardous situations. No matter how rigorous the safety system, human behavior could short-circuit almost any safety feature (Tim Page-Bottorff, February 2016). Influencing positive behaviors that reduces errors (Health and Safety Executive, 1999). Careful consideration of human factors at work can reduce the number of incidents (Health and Safety Executive, 1999). By using this concept as a catalyst, we can reduce incidents to lift operations. The challenge lies in applying it proactively with minimal impact to operations. Relatively little focus is placed on properly adjusting the wide range of potentially unsafe habits that workers bring with them to the work-place each day (Tim Page-Bottorff, February 2016). Overhauling the present concept of corrective and preventive action plan is imperative. The clichà © action plans routinely tell persons to be retrained or be suspended from work. Does that solve the problem? The research I’m doing will delve into this narrative. Study Design As said in my research question, I’d like to embed behavior based safety into lift operations so as to reduce incidents in this field. For my method of study, I’ll initiate case studies from 3 different lift operations. In each lift operation, there is a Lifting Supervisor, Rigger, Signalman and Crane Operator. Each team compromises of a 4-men crew. This will be all be done in the context of my workplace which is in the oil gas industry. Each lifting team will differ in setting, meaning, I’ll be conducting case studies from Maintenance, Projects and Turnaround. Each department’s tasks  Ã‚   would differ in job scope, objective and priorities. Each study will involve interviewing members of each lifting team and observing their behaviors pertaining to lift operations. In addition, I’ll also interview a front line supervisor from each work party. These front line supervisors are act as work coordinators or planning engineers to ensure work is done as per scope and are responsible for all overall work aspects. In summary, I’ll be conducting interviews on 15 persons. Even though stakeholders work within the organization, each departments has different methods of work. It’ll interesting to note how each department thinks and sets its own precedence. Albeit organizational culture sets the tone, this rarely trickles down to departments. Timelines, scheduling, budgets, perception, Key-Performance Indicators / Lagging indicators etc. mandate practices on the field. I’ll attempt to investigate the differences in opinions and what can be done to align practices for the greater good.